HIV感染者为什么会出现免疫重建不良

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众所周知,HIV主要感染CD4+T淋巴细胞,导致CD4+T淋巴细胞数目减少,进而导致进行性免疫功能缺陷、机会性感染和癌症[1]。高效抗逆转录病毒治疗,也就是常说的鸡尾酒疗法,虽然不能根除体内HIV达到治愈的效果,但可有效抑制HIV复制,减少T细胞活化和细胞死亡,从而增加CD4+ T淋巴细胞数目[2],延缓艾滋病进程,逐渐使艾滋病转为可控性的慢性传染病,使HIV感染者的期望寿命与健康人相仿。


然而,有一部分HIV感染者虽然坚持抗病毒治疗并且体内HIV病毒被成功抑制,但CD4+T淋巴细胞的数目却增加非常缓慢,难以恢复至正常水平。这些感染者被称为免疫重建不良者或免疫不应答者,免疫重建不良者的比例约占HIV感染者的10%至40%[4]。有研究显示经抗病毒治疗后每年CD4+T淋巴细胞增长低于100个/μL的HIV感染者发生艾滋病相关疾病或死亡的风险是其他HIV感染者的13.3倍[5]


遗憾的是目前免疫重建不良的发生机制仍未完全阐明,现有研究显示免疫重建不良与多种因素有关,包括年龄、合并感染和遗传变异等因素[6-12],但这些因素都不能完全解释免疫重建不良的发生。通过流行病学研究发现免疫重建不良多出现在治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞数目低于200 个/μL的感染者中,并且及早接受抗病毒治疗是避免发生免疫重建不良的有效手段。根据最新版《中国艾滋病诊疗指南》的建议,一旦确诊HIV 感染,无论 CD4+T 淋巴细胞水平高低,均建议立即开始治疗[13]。此外,治疗后的CD4+T淋巴细胞数目监测也是必不可少的,若HIV感染者体内CD4+T 淋巴细胞数目恢复异常,临床医生可根据感染者的具体情况采取相应的免疫增强治疗方案,从而提高感染者的治疗预后和生活质量。


艾滋病可防可治不可怕,相信科学的治疗方案,坚持规律的服药习惯,未来与“艾”共处的几十年,同样可以享受健康权利。


(中国疾控艾防中心  张鑫  指导教师:金聪)


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